Pakistan · Science
Status: GREEN · ingested · last row 2026-10-24
448 research institutions indexed by OpenAlex; an institutional index, not a lab-certification register
Measured values
| metric | value | year | source |
|---|---|---|---|
| R&D expenditure (% of GDP) | 0.16 | 2023 | World Bank |
| OpenAlex institutions | 448 | 2026-10-14 | OpenAlex |
| OpenAlex works since 2021 | 418,766 | 2021– | OpenAlex |